OVERLAND PARK, Kan. (AP) - Each year, an estimated 1.7 million U.S. college students are steered to remedial classes to catch them up and prepare them for regular coursework.

But a growing body of research shows the courses are eating up time and money, often leading not to degrees but student loan hangovers.
    
The national nonprofit Complete College America says the classes cost about $3 billion annually.

The classes typically don't fulfill degree requirements.
    
Complete College America is working to increase the number of students earning a college degree.

The group says the classes are largely failing the nation's higher education system at a time when student-loan debt has become a presidential campaign issue.

Meanwhile, lawmakers in at least two states have pushed through changes and numerous institutions are redesigning the courses.